Pipe Element

Tabs:

General Properties
Additional Properties
Seismic Properties
Wind/Snow/Ice

General Properties

To insert a pipe, select the start node and insert pipe element. End node creates automatically if not specified. To insert between existing nodes, select both nodes or specify node numbers manually.

Property	Description
Name	Element identifier for sorting and selection in project tree
Projections\sphere\cylinder¹	Five input methods for element dimensions: Global coordinate axis projections Δ_X, Δ_Y, Δ_Z Element length L and angles between element axis and global coordinate axes φ_X, φ_Y, φ_Z. Positive angles measured from positive axis directions XY plane projection length L_X0Y, Z-axis projection Δ_Z, and angles between XY projection and X/Y axes φ_X, φ_Y Element length L, angle from X axis, horizontal plane angle or slope. Enable "Azimuth" for angle relative to previous pipe XY plane projection length L_X0Y, Z-axis projection Δ_Z or slope, and angle from X axis. Enable "Azimuth" for angle relative to previous pipe
External diameter, D	Pipe outside diameter
Pipe length	Pipe element length
Real length	Actual pipe length including bends
Manufacturing technology	For ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, DL/T 5366-2014: seamless pipe uses W_l=1.0. Electric-welded pipe W_l from database. More... For GOST 32388-2013, pipe properties from different materials databases based on pipe type (seamless/welded).
Material	Material selection from materials database
Nominal wall thickness, S	Nominal (actual) wall thickness
Mill tolerance	Manufacturing tolerance. More...
Liner thickness, t_L	Liner thickness for FRP piping. Used to calculate reinforced wall thickness t_r=t-t_L-t_c and mean diameter D_r=D-2*t_c-t_r
Topcoat thickness, t_c	External protective layer thickness for FRP piping
Corrosion/Erosion allowance	Wall thickness allowance for corrosion and erosion. More...
Pressure, P	Design pressure for all standards except SNIP 2.05.06-85 and SP 36.13330.2012. Operating pressure for SNIP 2.05.06-85 and SP 36.13330.2012. Varies by operating mode. Click to view values across all modes.
Temperature, Т_op	Design temperature in operating mode. More... Varies by operating mode. Click to view values across all modes.
Thermal Gradient	Temperature difference between pipe top and bottom ΔT=T_top-T_bottom. Models thermal bowing effect on horizontal pipes. More... Click to view values across all operating modes.
Installation pressure, P_assembly	Pressure in installation state. See wall thickness analysis
Automatic pipe weight calculation	Pipe weight calculated as Material density from materials database
Uniform pipe weight	Uniform pipe and attached structure weight. More...
Uniform insulation weight	Uniform insulation weight. More... Varies by operating mode. Click to view values across all modes.
Insulation Thickness, t_i Insulation Density Cladding Thickness, t_c Cladding Density Lining Thickness, t_l Lining Density	1 - pipe, 2 - insulation, 3 - cladding, 4 - lining, t - pipe wall thickness, t_i - insulation thickness, t_c - cladding thickness, t_l - lining thickness
Uniform product weight / product density	Uniform product weight or product density. More... Varies by operating mode. Click to view values across all modes.

Additional Properties

Property	Description
Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factor, E	Longitudinal weld joint efficiency factor. More...
Coefficient y	B31.3 temperature and material dependent coefficient
Design Factor, F	For ASME B31.8 Onshore: For ASME B31.12PL:
Design Factor, a	For BS PD 8010 Onshore:
Location Factor, L	For CSA Z662: Table 4.2
Basic Design Factor, F_A, F_B	For CSA Z662: Table 11.1
Steel Performance Factor, M_f Steel Performance Factor, H_f	ASME B31.12:
High Pressure	Apply ASME B31.3 Chapter IX requirements for high pressure piping
Pipeline Location	Offshore Pipeline: Apply ASME B31.4 Chapter IX or ASME B31.8 Chapter VIII requirements Slurry Pipes: Apply ASME B31.4 Chapter XI requirements
Pipeline Type	Restrained Pipeline - Apply restrained pipe code requirements. See details. Unrestrained Pipeline - Apply unrestrained pipe code requirements. See details. Riser or Platform for Inland Waterways or Platform Piping - Apply riser code requirements For automatic detection, select Autodetect or START Smart Check in Project Settings. See details.
Creep diminish factor²,	Compensation stress averaging factor for high-temperature pipelines per RD 10-249-98 section 5.2.3.6, GOST 32388-2013 section 7.1.7. Set to 0 for low-temperature pipelines. Click for automatic calculation.
Creep self-springing factor²,	Compensation stress relaxation factor for high-temperature pipelines per RD 10-249-98 section 5.2.3.7, GOST 32388-2013 section 7.1.7. Set to 0 for low-temperature pipelines. Click for automatic calculation.
Pipeline category	Pipeline category per SNIP 2.05.06-85 table 1: B, I, II, III, IV. Determines operating condition factor m
Product	Product type: gas, oil, oil products. Used for safety factor calculation per SNIP 2.05.06-85
Safety factor K₁	Material safety factor K₁ per SNIP 2.05.06-85 table 9
Safety factor K₂	Material safety factor K₂ per SNIP 2.05.06-85 table 10
Safety factor based on load n for internal pressure	Load safety factor n for internal pressure per SNIP 2.05.06-85 table 13
Safety factor, K_y	Plastic piping (HDPE) safety factor. Obtain from manufacturer. See Thermoplastic Piping Stress Analysis
Chemical resistance factor, A₂	FRP/GRP/GRE piping chemical resistance factor. Use 1.0 for non-aggressive products
Chemical resistance factor, K_x	Plastic piping (HDPE) chemical resistance factor. Use 1.0 for non-aggressive products. Obtain from manufacturer. See Thermoplastic Piping Stress Analysis
Laying condition factor, K_p	Plastic piping installation factor 0.8 for buried piping 0.9 for underground piping in concrete channels 1.0 for above ground piping
Temperature range factor, k	Plastic and fiberglass piping temperature range factor. Accounts for nonlinear temperature distribution across wall thickness. Recommended: 1.0 for thermoplastic, 0.85 for fiberglass (fluid), 0.8 for fiberglass (gas). See Thermoplastic Piping Stress Analysis
Swelling strain, e₃	Plastic piping swelling strain. Obtain from manufacturer. See Thermoplastic Piping Stress Analysis
Strength factor of joint, К_с	Plastic piping joint strength factor. Obtain from manufacturer. See Thermoplastic Piping Stress Analysis
Design Factor, D_f	Design factor per ASME NM.1 table 2-3.2.2-2
Design Factor, DF_t	Test mode design factor. Default: DF_t=1
Type	Laminate type
Safety Factor γ_m	EN 13941 safety factor:
Project Class	EN 13941 project class (A, B, C). Select Auto for automatic determination based on: r_g - average pipe radius
Pipeline Type	EN 13941 pipeline type determines equivalent full action cycles. Specify cycle values in Project Settings:
Additional weight load	Additional uniform weight load applied in all operating modes. Manually apply overload factors per applicable standards. Included in mass calculation for dynamic (seismic) analysis
Additional non-weight load	Additional uniform non-weight load applied in all operating modes. Input global coordinate axis projections. Manually apply overload factors per applicable standards. Excluded from mass calculation for dynamic (seismic) analysis

Note 2: Low- and high-temperature pipelines distinguished by creep diminish and self-springing factor values. Zero values indicate low-temperature piping. Non-zero values indicate high-temperature piping, regardless of actual temperature and steel grade.

For mixed piping (low- and high-temperature elements), set temperature differences accordingly. Overall analysis treats as high-temperature piping.

Click for automatic factor calculation. For materials in RD 10-249-98 or GOST 32388-2013, calculation is instant. Otherwise, select equivalent steel with corresponding factors.

See Loads and effects combination, high- and low-temperature pipelines, pressure thrust force.

Seismic Properties

Component elevation	ASCE 7-22, KBC 2016, EN 1998-1: z/h NSR-10, NBC 2020: h_x/h_n UBC 1997: h_x/h_r
Component resonance ductility factor, C_ar
Component strength factor
Structure ductility reduction factor

Piping placement	Piping placement selection Buried, underground in case, on ground, on low supports - above-ground acceleration On rack, shelf, inside building (second floor or higher) - acceleration multiplied by increasing factors K_h and K_v
Function factor K_o	SP 14.13330.2018 table 3, SNIP II-7-81* table 16, SP 36.13330.2012 table 15
Factors K_h, K_v	Height and structure type dependent increasing factors
Structure type	Factors K_h, K_v depend on supporting structure stiffness and mass Massive reinforced concrete structure - high mass and stiffness Spatial rod structure, shelf - light and flexible structure
Soil deformation module above 10000 MPa	Apply 1.5 increasing factor for soil deformation module above 10000 MPa
Peak ground velocity, V_g	Reference table for peak ground acceleration conversion (ASCE 2001):
Peak ground acceleration, A_g	Apply 1.5 increasing factor for soil deformation module above 10000 MPa
Apparent P-Wave Propagation Velocity, C_p Apparent S-Wave Propagation Velocity, C_s	Default: C_p=2 km/s, C_s=2 km/s. Reference table for wave velocity values: Data from "Методические рекомендации по определению динамических свойств грунтов, скальных пород и местных строительных материалов. П01-72. // ВНИИГ им. Б.Е. Веденеева, 1972" Calculate wave speed based on soil layers thickness and individual layer wave speeds:

Wind/Snow/Ice

Property	Description
Insulation Outer Diameter	Insulation outer diameter. Default: pipe outer diameter if zero specified
Start Node Elevation from Ground	Ground surface elevation for wind and ice load calculation
End Node Elevation from Ground	Ground surface elevation for wind and ice load calculation
Snow Shape Factor	Zero value disables snow load ASCE 7-22 (USA): C_a - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.55 IBC 2021: Same as ASCE 7-22 EN 1991-1-3:2003+A1:2015 (EU): μ - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.5 TKP EN 1991-1-3:2003+A1:2015 (Belarus): Same as EN 1991-1-3 GB 50009-2012 (China): μ_r - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.4 SP 20.13330.2016 (Russia): μ - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.4 NBC 2020 (Canada): C_a - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.4 KBC 2016 (Korea): C_a - Snow Shape Factor. Recommended: 0.55
Thermal Coefficient	ASCE 7-22 (USA): C_t - Thermal Coefficient IBC 2021: Same as ASCE 7-22 EN 1991-1-3:2003+A1:2015 (EU): C_t - Thermal Coefficient KBC 2016 (Korea): C_t - Thermal Coefficient
Snow (and Rain) Load	Normative snow load value. Automatically multiplied by safety factor per code
Ice Shape Factor	Zero value disables ice load ASCE 7-22 (USA): c - Ice Shape Factor. Recommended: 1.0 IBC 2021: Same as ASCE 7-22 GB 50135-2019 (China): c - Ice Shape Factor. Recommended: 1.0 SP 20.13330.2016 (Russia): c - Ice Shape Factor. Recommended: 1.0
Ice Load	Normative ice load value. Automatically multiplied by safety factor per code
Wind Shape Factor	Zero value disables wind load ASCE 7-22 (USA): C_f – Wind shape factor. Auto option: varies with diameter EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (EU): C_p – Wind shape factor. Recommended: 1.2 GB 50009-2012 (China): μ_s – Wind shape factor. Auto option: varies with diameter IS.875.3.2015 (India): C_f – Wind shape factor. Auto option: varies with diameter SP 20.13330.2016 (Russia): c - Aerodynamic factor. Recommended: 1.2 IBC 2021: Same as ASCE 7-22 UBC 1997: C_q – Wind shape factor. Recommended: 0.8 AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (NZ): C_fig - Wind shape factor. Recommended: Auto NBC 2020 (Canada): C_p – Wind shape factor. Recommended: Auto NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil): C_a – Wind shape factor. Recommended: Auto BS 6399-2 (Britain): C_p – Wind shape factor. Recommended: 1.2 TKP EN 1991-1-4 2009 (Belarus): Same as EN 1991-1-4 CNS (Taiwan): C_f – Wind shape factor. Recommended: Auto KBC 2016 (Korea): C_f – Wind shape factor. Auto option: varies with diameter CFE 2020 (Mexico): C_a – Wind shape factor. Auto option: varies with diameter Wind Pressure vs Elevation: c - Wind shape factor. Recommended: 1.0 Wind Velocity vs Elevation: c – Wind shape factor. Recommended: 1.0 Blast Load: c – Drag coefficient. Recommended: 1.0
Correction factor	CFE 2020 (Mexico): K_re – Wind correction factor 0.7-1.0 SP 20.13330.2016 (Russia): ν – Wind correction factor 0.38-0.95
Wind Direction Number / Wind Load	Normative wind load value for each direction and global axis projections. Automatically multiplied by safety factor per code

Wall Thickness Check

START-PROF performs wall thickness check for all pipe elements per selected code.

Menu and Toolbar Access

To insert a pipe, select the desired node and use: Insert > Insert Pipe

or click toolbar icon.

To view element properties:

Double-click element in 3D view
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