Induction Bend

A pipe bend manufactured using induction bending technology, which applies bending force to locally heated material. Cold bending methods are also supported. ASME and EN codes treat forged elbows, induction bends, and welding elbows identically for stress analysis purposes.

The central bend angle must not exceed 90 degrees (More...).

PASS/START-PROF performs wall thickness checks for pipe bends according to the selected design code. For ASME codes:

Properties

 

Property

Description

Name

Unique element identifier. When checked, the element displays in the 3D view.

SIF

Click to view stress intensification factors (SIF), flexibility factors (k), and h-factor values for the bend.

Radius, R

Average bend radius (0.5D < R < 10D). Typical values: long radius - 1.5D, short radius - 1.0D.

Get properties from matching pipe

Import material and dimensional properties from the connected pipe element.

Calculate weight automatically

When selected, the bend weight calculates automatically based on torus sector volume using the wall thickness of adjacent pipes.

Weight

Bend weight (including flanges), excluding insulation and fluid content. Set according to standards without overload factors. Fluid and insulation weights with appropriate overload factors calculate automatically from adjacent pipes.

Longitudinal Weld Joint Efficiency Factor, E

Longitudinal weld joint efficiency factor. More...

Manufacturing technology

For ASME B31.1, ASME B31.3, and DL/T 5366-2014, seamless pipe uses Wl=1.0. Electric-welded pipe values import from the material database. More...

When using GOST 32388-2013, material properties import from different databases depending on pipe type (seamless or welded).

Calculate angle automatically

The bend angle used in flexibility factor (k-factor) calculations for some codes. Enable by default.

Disable this option when modeling supports on a bend that has been split into multiple segments. Specify the full bend angle, not individual segment angles.

Angle

Material

Material selection from the materials database

Nominal wall thickness, S

Nominal (as-built) wall thickness

Mill tolerance, С1

Manufacturing tolerance at production. More...
For RD 10-249-98 (section 3.3.2.8) analysis, input three mill tolerance values (С1=С11+С12): external, neutral, and internal bend sections, with differences equal to С12 (see section 3.3.2.8 for С12 determination). More...

Corrosion and wear allowance, С2

Additional wall thickness allowance for corrosion and erosion. More...

Do not check internal bend wall thickness

Per RD 10-249-98 section 3.3.2.8, for extruded elbows made in closed presses or induction bends with axial preload, the c12 allowance for sR1 ranges from 0.05s to 0.1s, while for sR3 it is zero, and internal bend analysis is omitted.
For extruded elbows with perpendicular welds along the centerline, c12 for sR3 is zero, and for sR1 ranges from 0.05s to 0.1s. Internal elbow analysis is skipped due to greater wall thickening than the K2 factor.

Ovalization factor a, %

Initial ovalization percentage. More...

Refresh SIF and k using FEA

See Integration with Nozzle-FEM

SIF

See Integration with Nozzle-FEM

Toolbar Access

To insert a bend, select the target node and navigate to: Insert > Insert Bend > Induction Bend

To view element properties: